第一章 阅读基本功强化训练——长难句结构拆解100句

特别说明

★ 为什么

雅思9分阅读，从100句真题“长难句结构拆解”开始。

——决定句子意思的，不仅是词汇，还有结构，看懂结构就可以猜测生词；

——这种基本功强化训练，一方面是打牢基础，同时也是磨炼耐力和爆发力，学会快速拆解长难句，阅读不再有障碍。

★ 阅读程序

对于每个句子，要求考生按照三遍的程序和箭头所指的顺序阅读。

第一遍：全句（看不懂）→ 拆分（看懂一部分）→ 译文 → 生词 → 语法破解（懂了）

第二遍：生词 → 拆分（懂了）→ 译文→ 全句 → 语法破解

第三遍：全句（一目了然）

——按照上面的程序，经过严格训练，以后再看雅思文章，阅读每段时都可以提纲挈领，一目了然。

★ 学习方法

彻底读懂了一句，再看下一句。这是对本章学习的另一个建议。

下面以《弟子规》中关于如何学习的一段话来概括本章的学习方法：

方读此，勿慕彼，此未终，彼勿起

宽为限，紧用功，功夫到，滞涩通

心有疑，随札记，就人问，求确义

下面我们就开始“雅思VIP课程”第1天和第2天的学习。

1.It was known in biblical times, and is mentioned in several books of the Bible, both as an ingredient that was mixed with oils for anointing people's bodies, and also as a token indicating friendship among lovers and friends.

（39 words 摘自剑13 P38）

2. Because the overland trade route allowed for only small quantities of the spice to reach Europe, and because Venice had a virtual monopoly of the trade, the Venetians could set the price of cinnamon exorbitantly high.

（36 words 摘自剑13 P38）

3. 16th century trade and human migration patterns reveal that Arab traders and European sailors are likely to have moved coconuts from South and Southeast Asia to Africa and then across the Atlantic to the east coast of America.

（38 words 摘自剑13 P61）

4. Scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut collected thousands of 30-second conversations between parents and their babies, fitting 26 children with audio-recording vests that captured language and sound during a typical eight-hour day.

（37 words 摘自剑13 P64）

5. Willis's company was active in the tea trade between China and Britain, where speed could bring shipowners both profits and prestige,so Cutty Sark was designed to make the journey more quickly than any other ship.

（36 words 摘自剑13 P82）

6.As a sailing ship, Cutty Sark depended on the strong trade winds of the southern hemisphere, and Woodget took her further south than any previous captain, bringing her dangerously close to icebergs off the southern tip of South America.

（39 words 摘自剑13 P83）

7. Developed most probably as a defence against forest fires, the bark of the cork oak has a particular cellular structure—with about 40 million cells per cubic centimetre—that technology has never succeeded in replicating.

（35 words 摘自剑12 P16）

8. Southern Portugal's Alentejo region meets all of these requirements, which explains why, by the early 20th century, this region had become the world's largest producer of cork, and why today it accounts for roughly half of all cork production around the world.

（42 words 摘自剑12 P16）

9. Not all collectors are interested in learning from their hobby, though, so what we might call a psychological reason for collecting is the need for a sense of control, perhaps as a way of dealing with insecurity.

（37 words 摘自剑12 P21）

10. Naturally, the course is intended for prospective arson investigators, who can learn all the tricks of the trade for detecting whether a fire was deliberately set, discovering who did it, and establishing a chain of evidence for effective prosecution in a court of law.

（44 words 摘自剑12 P24）

11. Participants in the online debate argued that our biggest challenge is to address the underlying causes of the agricultural system's inability to ensure sufficient food for all, and they identified as drivers of this problem our dependency on fossil fuels and unsupportive government policies.

（44 words 摘自剑12 P36）

12. When the US explorer and academic Hiram Bingham arrived in South America in 1911, he was ready for what was to be the greatest achievement of his life: the exploration of the remote hinterland to the west of Cusco, the old capital of the Inca empire in the Andes mountains of Peru.

（52 words 摘自剑12 P43）

13. This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year.

（38 words摘自剑11 P18）

14. When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark which would not only be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium, but also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration of the region.

（42 words摘自剑11 P21）

15. According to its proponents, geo-engineering is the equivalent of a backup generator: if Plan A—reducing our dependency on fossil fuels—fails, we require a Plan B, employing grand schemes to slow down or reverse the process of global warming.

（40 words摘自剑11 P25）

16. Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hit by the French, some maintain that she was outdated, overladen and sailing too low in the water,others (maintain) that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew.

（42 words摘自剑11 P41）

17. Archaeologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of California State University agree that Easter Island lost its lush forests and that it was an‘ecological catastrophe'—but they believe the islanders themselves weren't to blame.

（42 words摘自剑11 P47）

18. Alternatively, by comparing the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA, researchers can quantify the extent to which our genes affect our lives.

（37 words摘自剑11 P87）

19. Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table.

（41 words 摘自剑10 P17）

20. Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the country's rich history.

（36 words 摘自剑10 P18）

21. The number of cars on European Union [EU] roads saw an increase of three million cars each year from 1990 to 2010, and in the next decade the EU will see a further substantial increase in its fleet.

（38 words 摘自剑10 P22）

22. This phenomenon has been emphasised by the relocation of some industries, particularly those which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from users.

（43 words 摘自剑10 P22）

23. The ambitious objective can only be fully achieved by 2020, but proposed measures are nonetheless a first essential step towards a sustainable transport system which will ideally be in place in 30 years' time, that is by 2040.

（38 words 摘自剑10 P22）

24. Research shows that the fit between an employee's values and a company's values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join,they're still at the company.

（36 words 摘自剑10 P25）

25. To be at their most effective in their self-regulation, all children can be helped to identify their own ways of learning—metacognition—which will include strategies of planning,monitoring, evaluation, and choice of what to learn.

（36 words 摘自剑10 P45）

26. Given that a fundamental goal of education is to transfer the control of learning from teachers to pupils, improving pupils' learning to learn techniques should be a major outcome of the school experience, especially for the highly competent.

（41 words 摘自剑10 P46）

27. However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact.

（38 words 摘自剑10 P66）

28. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place.

（39 words 摘自剑10 P89）

29. The team calculated that there is a good chance of silent genes surviving for up to 6 million years in at least a few individuals in a population, and that some might survive as long as 10 million years.

（39 words 摘自剑10 P98）

30. It turns out that, for a given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in the frequency range 1,000 to 3,000 MHz travel the greatest distance, and so all searches to date have concentrated on looking for radio waves in this frequency range.

（42 words 摘自剑9 P23）

31. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms.

（40 words 摘自剑9 P25）

32. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director.

（43 words 摘自剑9 P88）

33. We want to know whether life evolves naturally if given the right conditions, or whether there is something very special about the Earth to have fostered the variety of life forms that we see around us on the planet.

（39 words 摘自剑9 P22）

34. For example, we have had civilisation on Earth for perhaps only a few thousand years, and the threats of nuclear war and pollution over the last few decades have told us that our survival may be tenuous.

（37 words 摘自剑9 P22）

35. In this early period, there were no half-measures:usage was either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not simply to record alternatives, but to pronounce judgement upon them.

（34 words 摘自剑9 P63）

36. Operating on the same principle as wind turbines, the power in sea turbines comes from tidal currents which turn blades similar to ships' propellers, but, unlike wind, the tides are predictable and the power input is constant.

（37 words 摘自剑9 P67）

37. Unlike wind power, which Britain originally developed and then abandoned for 20 years allowing the Dutch to make it a major industry, undersea turbines could become a big export earner to island nations such as Japan and New Zealand.

（39 words 摘自剑9 P67）

38. The technology for dealing with the hostile saline environment under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry and much is already known about turbine blade design, because of wind power and ship propellers.

（37 words 摘自剑9 P67）

39. The Voyager spacecraft transmitted data using codes which added one extra bit for every single bit of information; the result was an error rate of just one bit in 10,000—and stunningly clear pictures of the planets.

（38 words 摘自剑9 P72）

40. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement.

（41 words 摘自剑8 P19）

41. An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested.

（43 words 摘自剑8 P23）

42. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America's airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots' margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.

（61 words 摘自剑8 P23）

43. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.

（49 words 摘自剑8 P23）

44. Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognised by teachers and schools.

（65 words 摘自剑8 P70）

45. We may envy their achievements and fame, but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often they had to display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to the top.

（57 words 摘自剑8 P71）

46. Large sample international comparisons of pupils' attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was also a larger proportion of‘low' attainers in England, where,incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater.

（49 words 摘自剑8 P89）

47. In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a more effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity—though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential.

（48 words 摘自剑8 P93）

48. Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research L (RRL), supported by CIBC, is now trying out an Argentinean weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which has become a nuisance in many parts of the world.

（40 words 摘自剑8 P94）

49. If we think of a lecture we listened to with great concentrations, we will recall the lecture's appearance and mannerisms, our place in the auditorium, the failure of the air-conditioning,much more easily than the ideas we went to learn.

（40 words 摘自剑7 P26）

50. First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering—the onward march of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-century as the yields of produce have soared.

（42 words 摘自剑7 P44）

51. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa.

（49 words 摘自剑7 P49）

52. It would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a‘top-down' approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district.

（51 words 摘自剑7 P50）

53. Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles—the forcing house of intelligence—the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialised chambers and tunnels.

（40 words 摘自剑7 P66）

54. European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage.

（46 words 摘自剑7 P74）

55. A general declaration was made that‘a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained'.

（41 words 摘自剑7 P74）

56. Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject.

（40 words 摘自剑7 P75）

57. And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the countryside because it was initially‘too quiet', an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels.

（44 words 摘自剑7 P96）

58. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer's performance into factors that can be analysed individually—stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on.

（46 words 摘自剑6 P18）

59. Climate change may still be a rather abstract idea to most of us, but in the Arctic it is already having dramatic effects—if summertime ice continues to shrink at its present rate,the Arctic Ocean could soon become virtually ice-free in summer.

（43 words 摘自剑6 P27）

60. In Canada, where the Inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country's newest territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science.

（41 words 摘自剑6 P27）

61. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.

（43 words 摘自剑6 P49）

62. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.

（43 words 摘自剑6 P63）

63. The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.

（40 words 摘自剑6 P72）

64. They are working with the same group of 3, 000 women, to try to find out whether reading mothers make better use of hospitals and clinics, opt for smaller families, exert more control at home, learn modern childcare techniques more quickly, or whether they merely have more respect for themselves and their children.

（52 words 摘自剑6 P90）

65. Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer—lexical as well as social and commercial.

（43 words 摘自剑5 P16）

66. Yet, even if America's trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12,000th of the area of the entire United States.

（47 words 摘自剑5 P25）

67. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland's major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis.

（50 words 摘自剑5 P38）

68. But most modern humour theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle's belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either a nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning.

（41 words 摘自剑5 P43）

69. All warm-blooded animals make constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to external events, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own thoughts.

（42 words 摘自剑5 P44）

70. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience.

（42 words 摘自剑5 P48）

71. A 13-year study of early childhood development at Harvard University has shown that, by the age of three, most children have the potential to understand about 1,000 words—most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation for the rest of their lives.

（45 words 摘自剑5 P62）

72. Researchers claim that the human personality is formed during the first two years of life, and during the first three years children learn the basic skills they will use in all their later learning both at home and at school.

（40 words 摘自剑5 P62）

73. But when the Aswan dams were constructed in the 20th century to provide electricity and irrigation, and to protect the huge population centre of Cairo and its surrounding areas from annual flooding and drought, most of the sediment with its natural fertilizer accumulated up above the dam in the southern, upstream half of Lake Nasser, instead of passing down to the delta.

（62 words 摘自剑5 P67）

74. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family.

（50 words 摘自剑5 P86）

75. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks.

（40 words 摘自剑4 P66）

76. Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included,through space.

（45 words 摘自剑4 P88）

（47 words 摘自剑4 P88）

78. Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusions on the experience of living within contemporary communities, archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains—the buildings, tools, and other artefacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former societies.

（45 words 摘自剑4 P93）

79. In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data, and then, in conclusion, devises a model that seems best to summarise the pattern observed in the data.

（47 words 摘自剑4 P93）

80. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite.

（44 words 摘自剑4 P97）

81. The incentive for the more aggressive use of rockets came not from within the European continent but from far-away India, whose leaders had built up a corps of rocketeers and used rockets successfully against the British in the late eighteenth century.

（41 words 摘自剑3 P16）

82. The British rocket differed from the Indian version in that it was completely encased in a stout, iron cylinder, terminating in a conical head, measuring one metre in diameter and having a stick almost five metres long and constructed in such a way that it could be firmly attached to the body of the rocket.

（55 words 摘自剑3 P16）

83. As an illustration of the health risks, in the case of a married couple where one partner is a smoker and one a non-smoker, the latter is believed to have a 30 per cent higher risk of death from heart disease because of passive smoking.

（45 words 摘自剑3 P19）

84. Leaving aside the philosophical question of whether anyone should have to breathe someone else's cigarette smoke, the report suggests that the smoke experienced by many people in their daily lives is enough to produce substantial adverse effects on a person's heart and lungs.

（43 words 摘自剑3 P20）

85. They argue that those scientists are underestimating the damage done by passive smoking and, in support of their recent findings, cite some previous research which points to passive smoking as the cause for between 30,000 and 60,000 deaths from heart attacks each year in the United States.

（47 words 摘自剑3 P20）

86. The closest we ever get to this situation is when something happens by accident; but even then the researcher has to formulate a hypothesis to be tested before being sure that, for example, a mould might prove to be a successful antidote to bacterial infection.

（45 words 摘自剑3 P25）

87. Indeed, if you wish to change your roles you must find some outward sign that you are doing so or you won't be permitted to change—the subordinate will continue to hear you as his boss no matter how hard you try to be his friend.

（46 words 摘自剑3 P48）

88. Looking at role ambiguity from the other side, from the point of view of the members of the role set, lack of clarity in the role of the focal person can cause insecurity, lack of confidence, irritation and even anger among members of his role set.

（46 words 摘自剑3 P49）

89. By 1906 the WSPU headquarters, called the Women's Press Shop, had been established in Charing Cross Road and in spite of limited communications（no radio or television, and minimal use of the telephone）the message had spread around the country, with members and branch officers stretching to as far away as Scotland.

（54 words 摘自剑3 P88）

90. Moreover, as Figure 4 shows, employees in the participative programme felt that their supervisors were more likely to‘pull' for them, or for the company and them, and not be solely interested in the company, while in the hierarchically controlled programme, the opposite trend occurred.

（45 words 摘自剑3 P94）

91. Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that, for young children, too, the difficulty lies not in the inferential processes which the task demands, but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure.

（41 words 摘自剑2 P22）

92. Many of the world's biggest cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenos Aires, Tokyo, Jakarta, Calcutta, Philadelphia and San Francisco began as ports—that is, with land-sea exchange as their major function—but they have since grown disproportionately in other respects so that their port functions are no longer dominant.

（52 words 摘自剑2 P43）

93. Many of the nurses had not realised the impact their behaviour was having on the organisation and their colleagues but there were also staff members who felt that talking to them about their absenteeism was‘picking' on them and this usually had a negative effect on management-employee relationships.

（48 words 摘自剑2 P59）

94. A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment found that car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of the external social costs it entails such as congestion, accidents, pollution, loss of cropland and natural habitats, depletion of oil resources, and so on.

（50 words 摘自剑2 P62）

95. A report from Mintel, the market research organisation, says that despite recession and financial pressures, more people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products and a‘green wave' has swept through consumerism, taking in people previously untouched by environmental concerns.

（41 words 摘自剑2 P79）

96. Mintel's 1994 survey found that 13 per cent of consumers are‘very dark green', nearly always buying environmentally friendly products, 28 per cent are‘dark green', trying‘as far as possible' to buy such products, and 21 per cent are‘pale green'—tending to buy green products if they see them.

（51 words 摘自剑2 P79）

97. It wasn't until 1900 that the Diamond Match Company bought a French patent for safety matches—but the formula did not work properly in the different climatic conditions prevailing in America and it was another 11 years before scientists finally adapted the French patent for the US.

（47 words 摘自剑1 P19）

98. Every spring a migratory beekeeper in California may move up to 160 million bees to flowering fields in Minnesota and every winter his family may haul the hives back to California, where farmers will rent the bees to pollinate almond and cherry trees.

（43 words 摘自剑1 P23）

99. People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs, postcards, films, and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced and recaptured.

（42 words 摘自剑1 P47）

100. The uses of this adaptable material have been broadened dramatically by new technologies:glass fibre optics—more than eight million miles—carrying telephone and television signals across nations; glass ceramics serving as the nose cones of missiles and as crowns for teeth; tiny glass beads taking radiation doses inside the body to specific organs; even a new type of glass fashioned of nuclear waste in order to dispose of that unwanted material.

（74 words 摘自剑1 P79）